Editing FreeBSD

http://www.denis.lemire.name/images/posts/freebsd.png

== Essential Ports ==

=== ftp/wget ===

* Retrieve files from the Net via HTTP and FTP

=== misc/gnuls ===

I miss the colorized output of ''ls'' seen on most Linux systems... Installing the gnuls port and adding the following to ''/etc/csh.cshrc'' will add this missing convenience to FreeBSD:

 alias ls        gnuls --color=auto -h

=== net-mgmt/net-snmp ===

* An extendable SNMP implementation

=== net/tcpick ===

tcpick is a textmode sniffer libpcap-based that can track, reassemble and
reorder tcp streams. Tcpick is able to save the captured flows in different
files or displays them in the terminal, and so it is useful to sniff files
that are transmitted via ftp or http.

For example, to intercept and view a POP3 login via the rl1 interface, use the following command:

 tcpick -i rl1 -p -bU -T1 "port 110"

=== ports-mgmt/portaudit ===

Checks ports against a list of security vulnerabilities. Also adds a daily periodic job to include vulnerabilities in currently installed ports in the daily security e-mail.

To disable checking ports again portaudit during installation set the environment variable as follows:

 DISABLE_VULNERABILITIES=yes

=== ports-mgmt/portupgrade ===

Portupgrade is a tool to upgrade installed packages via ports or packages. You can upgrade installed packages without having to reinstall depending or dependent packages. It can automatically trace dependency chains up and down upgrading packages recursively.

This package also includes the following utilities:

* portinstall -	Helps you install new ports in a handy way.
* portcvsweb - Instantly lets you browse change history via CVSweb.
* portversion -	Replaces pkg_version(1) and helps you upgrade packages with portupgrade(1). (runs much faster)
* portsclean - Cleans ports workdir's, unreferenced distfiles, old and orphan shared libraries, and stale packages.
* portsdb - Creates binary database from the ports INDEX.
* ports_glob - Expands ports globs.
* pkg_deinstall - Wraps pkg_delete(1) and provides additional features.
* pkg_fetch - Fetches packages from a remote site.
* pkg_glob - Expands package globs.
* pkg_which - Checks which package a file came from quickly.
* pkgdb - Manages and searches the package database.

'''Example:''' Rebuild OpenSSL and all packages that depend on it:

 portupgrade -rfx openssl openssl

=== security/sudo ===

* Allow others to run commands as root

=== sysutils/libchk ===

* Tool to check library linking

=== sysutils/screen ===

Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal
between several processes (typically interactive shells).

Screen is extremely handy for running commands that may take an extended time to complete. One can start a command, close their terminal and later re-attach another terminal to their session without interrupting the command(s) that are completing.

It can be also used to attach multiple users to a single screen session to allow easy collaboration.

=== sysutils/smartmontools ===

Adds S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) disk monitoring tools. This suite of tools is extremely handy to allow the administrator to be aware of disk problems before they result in a catastrophe.

See the following links for more information:

* [http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ smartmontools Home Page]
* [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6983 Monitoring Hard Disks with SMART] (Linux Journal)

Example commands:

* smartctl -l selftest /dev/ad0
* smartctl -t long /dev/ad0
* smartctl -Hc /dev/ad0

=== dns/nss_mdns ===

* NSS module implementing multicast DNS name resolution

== Technical Notes ==



=== Disk image via dd ===

dd bs=512 if=/dev/rXX# of=/some_dir/foo.dmg conv=noerror,sync

=== tar over netcat ===

* nc -v -v -w 40 -l -p 8888 > foo.tar
* tar cjvf * | nc remotehost 8888

=== Updating root DNS ===

dig @a.root-servers.net . ns > /etc/namedb/named.root

=== Qmail log Timestamps ===

Can be converted to human readable using the tai64nlocal command.

=== Name Services ===

==== Retrieving Database Entries ====

As of FreeBSD 7 the ''getent'' utility can be used to retrieve entries from the various administrative databases.

==== Name Service Caching Daemon ====

The nscd daemon added in FreeBSD 7 improves performance of nsswitch type lookups (users, groups, etc) but can cause some surprising results with new users not being found in the system. The cache can be cleared for all users by running:

<pre>%nscd -I cachename</pre>

=== Using IDE CD Burners ===

Place the following in /boot/loader.conf for IDE CDRW support:

 atapicam_load="YES"
 hw.ata.atapi_dma=1

=== Using Memory Disks ===

FreeBSD >= 5.x have a memory disk utility that can be utilized to mount file system images.

To setup a memory disk

 mdconfig -a -t vnode -o readonly -f /path/to/image.iso -u 1
 mount -t cd9660 /dev/md1 /mnt/cdrom

To reverse the process:

 mount -u /mnt/cdrom
 mdconfig -d -u 1

=== Displaying Dates in 12 Hour Format ===

Add the following to .cshrc or /etc/csh.cshrc (system wide):

 alias date date +\"%a %b %e %r %Z %Y\"

=== View Daylight Savings Dates ===

 zdump -v /etc/localtime | grep ''2008''

=== List BIND Domains ===

 grep ^zone < /etc/namedb/named.conf | sed -e 's/zone "\(.*\)".*/\1/g' | sort

=== Find Hosts in a Subnet ===

 nmap -sP 172.31.0.128/26

=== Build Port with Debugging Symbols ===

 make WITH_DEBUG=yes

=== Setup LDAP Authentication ===

Install required ports:

 sudo portinstall nss_ldap
 sudo portinstall pam_ldap

Setup ''nss_ldap.conf''

<pre>
host 172.31.0.1
base dc=incoherency,dc=net
uri ldap://172.31.0.1:389/
ssl start_tls

binddn uid=nss,ou=dsa,dc=incoherency,dc=net
bindpw ********
bind_policy soft

nss_initgroups_ignoreusers root,ldap

timelimit 5
nss_reconnect_tries 2

port 389
nss_base_passwd dc=incoherency,dc=net?subtree
nss_base_group  ou=groups,dc=incoherency,dc=net?one
pam_password SSHA
</pre>

Link ldap.conf to nss_ldap.conf

 ln -s nss_ldap.conf ldap.conf

Add the following to /etc/pam.d/ for each relevant service

 auth		sufficient	/usr/local/lib/pam_ldap.so	no_warn try_first_pass

Edit /etc/nsswitch.conf:

 passwd: files ldap
 group: files ldap

=== Fix for freebsd-update ===

 %sudo freebsd-update upgrade -r 7.1-RC1
 Looking up update.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 1 mirrors found.
 Fetching metadata signature for 7.1-PRERELEASE from update1.FreeBSD.org... failed.
 No mirrors remaining, giving up.
 %

 %setenv UNAME_r 7.1-BETA2
 %freebsd-update upgrade -r 7.1-RC1
 Looking up update.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 1 mirrors found.
 Fetching metadata signature for 7.1-BETA2 from update1.FreeBSD.org... done.
 Fetching metadata index... done.
 Inspecting system... done.

 ...

=== Install a standard MBR ===

Useful if you inadvertently install the FreeBSD boot manager or if you need to borrow a standard MBR for use on an OS that doesn't have one yet *cough* Haiku

 fdisk −B −b /boot/mbr ad0

=== Avoid config menus on port builds ===

 make config-recursive install

=== Mount ISO Image ===

 mdconfig -a -t vnode -f <ISO filename> -u 0
 mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 <mount destination>

=== VirtualBox ===

* [http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/virtualization-host.html FreeBSD Handbook]
* [http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html#vboxmanage VBoxManage]

=== Connect to TLS server ===
 openssl s_client -starttls smtp -connect smtp.gmail.com:587